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The Psychological Characteristics Of Breast Cancer

It has long been known that certain physical characteristics are biologically determined by genetic inheritance. Color of eyes, straight or curly hair, pigmentation of the skin and certain diseases (such as Huntingdon’s chorea) are all a function of the genes we inherit. Other physical characteristics, if not determined, appear to be at least strongly influenced by the genetic make-up of our biological parents. Height, weight, hair loss (in men), life expectancy and vulnerability to specific illnesses (e.g. breast cancer in women) are positively correlated between genetically related individuals. These facts have led many to speculate as to whether psychological characteristics such as behavioral tendencies, personality attributes and†¦show more content†¦However nativists also argue that maturation governs the emergence of attachment in infancy, language acquisition and even cognitive development as a whole. At the other end of the spectrum are the environmentalists – also known as empiricists (not to be confused with the other empirical / scientific approach). Their basic assumption is that at birth the human mind is a tabula rasa (a blank slate) and that this is gradually â€Å"filled† as a result of experience (e.g. behaviorism). From this point of view psychological characteristics and behavioral differences that emerge through infancy and childhood are the result of learning. It is how you are brought up (nurture) that governs the psychologically significant aspects of child development and the concept of maturation applies only to the biological. For example, when an infant forms an attachment it is responding to the love and attention it has received, language comes from imitating the speech of others and cognitive development depends on the degree of stimulation in the environment and, more broadly, on the civilization within which the child is reared. Examples of an extreme nature positions in psychology include Bowlby s (1969) theory of attachment, which views the bond between mother and child as being an innate process that ensures survival. Likewise, Chomsky (1965) proposed language is gained through the use of

Antigone And Creon Essay Example For Students

Antigone And Creon Essay Many dramatic theorists have documented their opinions of Sophocles tragic play Antigone. They have presented their interpretations as to the motives and moral character of Antigone and Creon. I will attempt to encapsulate the basic logic behind the arguments of the critics Brian Vickers, A.C. Bradley who interprets Hegel, and H. D. F. Kitto, and venture my own humble opinion as to their validity. Brian Vickers clearly favors the character of Antigone. He challenges Hegel and Hegels view that both Creon and Antigone were essentially right in their beliefs. Vickers sums up Hegels theories in a single diagram Vickers 526, showing Creon and Antigone as forces in antithetical opposition. I believe that Hegels theories of tragedy, as explained by A.C. Bradley, encompass much more than a simple diagram. Hegel thought that Creon and Antigone represented these forces, but not necessarily that they were diametrically opposed. Hegel thought that the tragedy of Antigone was that the beliefs of Antigone and Creon forced them into opposition, because their beliefs were valid and just, though they did not go about practicing their beliefs in a valid and just manner. Vickers presents the notion that Sophocles himself favored the character of Antigone, since Sophocles never criticized her. With this I must disagree; there were many aspects of Antigones character that Sophocles would not have included had he viewed her as above reproach. For instance, she is dreadfully overbearing and righteous. While Sophocles clearly showed he could paint the picture of a sympathetic character if he so chose in Oedipus the King, I believe that he deliberately made Antigone, frankly, a much more bitchy character than Oedipus. Oedipus displays sympathy and is emotive in ways that Antigone simply isnt, and that makes Oedipus the King much more tragic than Antigone. Here, Oedipus demonstrates his compassionate nature when he tells the plague-stricken citizens of Thebes how he feels for their distress Sophocles 48: Poor children! You may be sure I know All that you longed for in your coming here. I know that you are deathly sick; and yet, Sick as you are, not one is as sick as I. Each of you suffers in himself alone His anguish, not anothers; but my spirit Groans for the city, for myself, for you. Oedipus will not be deterred in his search for the truth, no matter who tries to persuade him to abandon the quest Sophocles 64: Oedipus: Do you know anything about him, Lady? Is he the man we summoned? Is that the man this shepherd means? Jocasta: Why think of him? Forget this herdsman. Forget it all. This talk is a waste of time. Oedipus: How can you say that, when the clues to my birth are in my hands? Jocasta: For Gods love, let us have no more questioning! Is your life nothing to you? My own is pain enough for me to bear. Oedipus: You need not worry. Suppose my mother a slave, and born of slaves: no baseness can touch you. Jocasta:  Listen to me, I beg you: do not do this thing! Oedipus: I will not listen; the truth must be made known. Oedipus conscious choice to pursue and accept his doom makes him a tragic figure. Bernard M. W. Knox, author of The Heroic Temper: Studies in Sophoclean Tragedy, points out that the hero has to choose between his doom and an alternative which if accepted would betray the heros own conception of himself, his rights, his duties, but in the end the hero refuses to yield; he remains true to himself, to his physis, that nature which he inherited from his parents and which is his identity. Knox 106 Therefore, one can see Oedipuss unwavering insistence to uncover the truth about the murder of Laius, and then about himself, as proof of the heros resolute commitment to uphold his own nature. Oedipus unyielding quest for the truth fits his self image as a man of action, the revealer of truth, and the solver of riddles. Knox adds that the heros determination to act is always announced in emphatic, uncompromising terms. Knox 22. Oedipus proclaims his intention of finding Laius killers by saying, Then once more I must bring what is dark to light. Sophocles 49. The hero cannot be swayed by threats nor reason; he will not capitulate. Creon, after being accused by Oedipus of conspiring against the king, retorted, You do wrong when you take good men for bad, bad men for good. . . . In time you will know this well. Sophocles 58. Oedipus, however, never learns in time; he remains unchanged. Oedipus, after his terrible self-mutilation, realizes that he treated Creon unjustly: Alas, how can I speak to him? What right have I to beg his courtesy whom I deeply wronged? Sophocles 70. But later, Creon has to remind Oedipus that he is no longer king when he starts issuing imperious commands such as: But let me go, Creon!; Take pity on them; see, they are only children, friendless except for you.; Promise me this, Great Prince, and give me your hand in token of it.; No! Do not take them from me! Sophocles 71. Examine the changing relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth in Macbeth and discuss how this is presented by Shakespeare EssayUnfortunately, Kitto goes on to say that Hegels view of Antigone is preposterous. Hegel says that something is seriously wrong with Antigone, while Kitto counters with the statement that only Hegel can tell us what Antigones blemish is Kitto 129. I have to agree with Hegel here. Antigone takes a principle, valid or not, and rams it down everyones throat with her words and deeds. She is a glory hound and a would-be martyr. She does not need to announce her deed, or be caught doing it; she chooses this course of action. She invades a camp of guards and manages to bury a body and leave no tracks. She surely must know that the body will be uncovered at some point, so why does she not consider her duty done after the first burial? Or, since she is so adept at sneaking around, why not remove the body and bury it somewhere it will never be discovered? Did she intend to check the body every day to make sure it was still buried? Her actions are nonsensical and illogical unless they are specifically engineered to say, Here I am, the only one doing the right thing, so punish me! I am better than all of you! There in no loyalty to her brother in her behavior. On to Hegel: Macbeth is as far removed as possible from Antigone, but is still of one nature Bradley 89 with it. The death of Macbeth is much less tragic than Antigone, because Macbeth wasnt essentially a good man. Antigone was following the edicts of the gods in burying her brother and was doing rightly as far as she knew. I would agree that Macbeths death is less tragic, yet I feel worse for him than I do for Antigone. At least Macbeth was an emotive, passionate man, not a righteous machine. Hegel believes that all other things in tragedies being equal, the tragedy with the hero as a good man is more tragic than as a bad. The more spiritual value, i.e. Antigone doing her deed for spiritual purposes, the more tragedy in conflict and waste.  The more evil a character, the less tragic his circumstances. Moral evil diminishes the spiritual value of personality. Because Antigone and Creon are trying to do what they feel is right at heart, their conflict has much stronger implications than the conflicts in MacBeth, since MacBeth was a murderer who wanted to ascend to the throne. Which is not to say that MacBeth isnt a tragedy, because it is much more than just a conflict between good and evil. Hegel believes that ethical or universal ends and justice have nothing to do with catastrophe. A tragic action is a self-division, or internal conflict, and the catastrophe is the annulment of this division, but this is only half of Hegels ideas. A catastrophe has two aspects, negative and affirmative. It is a power which is irresistible and inescapable, and negates anything incompatible with it. But if a catastrophe were only such an unintelligent, characterless force, it would invoke feelings of horror, with is not a feeling associated with tragedy like pity and fear. It is also the source of our feelings of reconciliation. The catastrophe is the violent restitution of the divided spiritual unity, and some sort of projection of the division in the hero. So that there is some sort of paradoxical feeling in the inevitable death of the hero, when we die with him, yet exult or feel that his death means nothing. The hero escapes the power which killed him. Of the three critics and theorists, I relate to Hegel the most. He knows that Antigone and Creon are flawed beings, though they do what they feel is morally right. He realizes that they take their morality and let it become their personalities and define their actions, instead of just influencing them. And therefore, though worthy of sympathy, they are the masters of their fates, and choose their respective dooms. Hegel believed that the tragedy of Antigone lies in the conflict between the rules of the state and the rules of man. It is unfortunate that these two forces must be in opposition, and therefore their practitioners or champions in this particular case have to be in opposition as well. I agree with this; the tragedy is in the circumstances that pit two essentially right forces against each other. The morality of the characters determines the course of the tragedy, and their personalities and convictions determine the emotional power for the reader.

Nadia Diaz Essays (554 words) - Argument, Logical Consequence

Nadia Diaz Professor Harris PSYC/SOC 103 Sept. 09, 2017 Definition Analysis Emotional Contagion - the power of the media is perhaps best illustrated by a phenomenon My def - Instead of consciously reacting to something, automatically you would react emotionally Ex -Finding out at the age of 9yrs old that my Aunt was murdered by her ex-boyfriend because she didn't want to be with him anymore. I didn't really react, I just felt completely numb and disgusted Central Route to P ersuasion - involves weighing arguments and considering relevant facts and figures, thinking about issues in a systematic fashion and coming to decision My def - When a person is greatly persuaded by the content of the message given to them Ex- My parents coming up with a persuading argument as to why having another pet can have its faults. Good example of that would be us moving next year, moving around with one pet is difficult already but having TWO pets would make it more difficult Peripheral Route to P ersuasion - is less judicious; rather than relying on a careful process of weighing and considering the strength of arguments, the person responds to simple, often irrelevant cues that suggest the rightness, wrongness, or attractiveness of an argument without giving it much thought My def -whether you agree with the prompt of the argument or the ideas that are portrayed within it Ex - When I was explaining the pros and cons of bringing another pet into our family. My parents agree with some aspects with having another pet but at the sometimes they don't necessarily agree either Primary effect - from our knowledge of the phenomena of learning all other things being equal, the first argument will be more effective My def - remembering experiences that happened before hand rather than remembering current events Ex -Even I have difficulty remembering things, if its anything important I will remember it. I can remember during winter break when my parents weren't home and it was just me and my sisters. The Christmas lights were on, Christmas music was playing the background, and I was laying on the dining room table because my parents were out Recency effect - from our knowledge of the phenomena of retention, on the other hand, all other things being equal, the last argument will be more effective My def - remembering experiences that recently just happened rather than remembering the ones that occurred before hand Ex- While growing up I would have bad memory about somethings but I would be able to recall everything that happened, but I notice as I get older I tend to forget a lot and only remember the little details at the end and sometimes not the beginning. If you were to check my phone right now I have list of things in my reminder app to keep on track Attitude - an evaluative and an emotional component My def - how you feel based off what someone did or said, something affecting your mood Ex - Between the ages of 9yrs old and 15yrs old I think I started developing more of an attitude because I didn't like what my mom had said to me or the outcome of the situation which led to me having an attitude.